![]() In one the participant interacted with two ECAs both embodied by virtual humans). For the experiment, we designed two debate conditions. This we used as baseline to design and implement our ECAs. First, we collected a corpus of debate sessions with three humans debaters. The interactions were structured as a debate between three participants on an ethical dilemma. The Echoborg in our study not only shadowed the speech output of the dialogue system but also its non-verbal actions. We compared an interaction where the ECA was embodied as a virtual human (VH) with one where it was embodied as an Echoborg, i.e, a person whose actions are covertly controlled by a dialogue system. In this paper we present a Multimodal Echoborg interface to explore the effect of different embodiments of an Embodied Conversational Agent (ECA) in an interaction. Participants were told that they would gain money (+0.33 Euros) when winning and lose money (−0.33 Euros) when losing in the game in reality, everyone received an equal monet- ary compensation (30 Euros) when the experiment was. 1998), we increased the motivational pull of the game by introducing symmetric monetary rewards and punishments to wins and losses, respectively. In line with previous studies (in particular, Koepp et al. On average, win events occurred every 35.5 ± 3.2 s (mean ± SD) and loss events every 39.6 ± 3.3 s. Whenever either of the players was destroyed, his tank re- spawned after 6 s at a random location in the battlefield, and the next round begun. ![]() When the opponent's shot hit the player, the player's visual screen got fractured and the player was unable to move (loss events, Fig. When the player's shot hit the opponent, the opponent's tank exploded on the screen (win events, Fig. Figure 1a shows a screen capture from a typical game scene. Shooting was restricted to one shot per 3 s. They could move freely in the horizontal plane of their environment by moving the joystick, and shoot by pressing the fire button. ![]() Players con- trolled the game with a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)- compatible joystick (Current Designs, Inc. each round of the game, the player had to seek and destroy the opponent's tank without himself getting destroyed. ![]()
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